ABSTRACT
Neurons in the primary auditory area (AUDp) innervate multiple brain regions with long-range projections while receiving informative inputs for diverse functions. However, the brain-wide connections of these neurons have not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we simultaneously applied virus-based anterograde and retrograde tracing, labeled the connections of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the mouse AUDp, and acquired whole-brain information using a dual-channel fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography system. Quantified results showed that the two types of neurons received inputs with similar patterns but sent heterogeneous projections to downstream regions. In the isocortex, functionally different areas consistently sent feedback-dominated projections to these neurons, with concomitant laterally-dominated projections from the sensory and limbic cortices to inhibitory neurons. In subcortical regions, the dorsal and medial parts of the non-lemniscal auditory thalamus (AT) were reciprocally connected to the AUDp, while the ventral part contained the most fibers of passage from the excitatory neurons and barely sent projections back, indicating the regional heterogeneity of the AUDp-AT circuit. Our results reveal details of the whole-brain network and provide new insights for further physiological and functional studies of the AUDp.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the growth and metastasis of human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells and its underlying mechanisms. MTT assay was used to detect the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the apoptosis, cell cycle, and ROS level of NCI-H1299 cells. Wound healing assay was used to evaluate the effect of Huaier aqueous extract on the migration ability of NCI-H1299 cells. Western blot was used to detect the levels of proteins involving apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT), and MAPK signaling pathway in NCI-H1299 cells exposed to Huaier aqueous extract. The results showed that Huaier aqueous extract inhibited the proliferation of NCI-H1299 cells, and induced cell-cycle arrest at the phase S. Huaier aqueous extract promoted the apoptosis of NCI-H1299 cells by down-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, Huaier aqueous extract increased ROS level and induced ferroptosis in NCI-H1299 cells. EMT played a critical role in cancer metastasis. Huaier aqueous extract reduced the migration ability of NCI-H1299 cells by inhibiting EMT of NCI-H1299 cells. In addition, this study revealed that Huaier aqueous extract inhibited MAPK signaling pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H1299 cells, which may be one of Huaier's mechanisms in inhibiting growth and metastasis of NCI-H1299 cells. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of lung cancer with Huaier, and important reference significance for further studies on the anti-tumor mechanisms of Huaier.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Complex Mixtures , Lung Neoplasms , TrametesABSTRACT
· AIM:To investigate the effect of macular focal/grid laser photocoagulation with Ranibizumab on the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).· METHODS:Totally 70 patients (99 eyes) with DME treated in our hospital from August 2014 to August 2016 were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,with 50 eyes and 49 eyes,respectively.Patients in control group were treated with macular focal/ grid laser photocoagulation,and based on this,the observation group was treated with intravitreal injection of ranibizuma at 5-7d before operation.The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) before and after operation was compared between the two groups.Central macular thickness (CMT) was examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT),and fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) was used to examine the leakage area of retinal neovascularization (RNV) and macular edema.· RESULTS:The BCVA in both groups increased significantly after operation,and the BCVA in observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group at each time point after operation,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).After treatment,the CMT and leakage area of RNV in both groups significantly decreased,and the leakage area of the observation group were significantly less than those in control group at each time point (P＜ 0.05).There were different degrees of macular edema leakage in the two groups before operation,and the proportion of eye with macular edema and leakage in observation group was significantly lower than that in control group,the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).No obvious complications occurred in the two groups.· CONCLUSION:Compared with macular focal/grid laser photocoagulation,the combination of macular focal/grid laser photocoagulation and ranibizumab has better curative effect on DME and RNV reduction.Moreover,the patients' visual acuity improve significantly with a higher safety.